If your doctor suspects a pinched nerve, you may undergo some tests. These are diagnostic images showing the translation and subluxation of the vertebral bodies, and here you can see the kinking of the pedicles causing radicular pain in this particular patient. The L3-L4 spinal motion segment is typically treated with nonsurgical methods. Characteristics of L3 nerve root radiculopathy - … Trapped Nerves: Causes & Treatment | Buxton Osteopathy Clinic Nerve root Some people don’t experience all symptoms, for example you have no neck pain. Although the symptom distribution occasionally followed the expected dermatomal maps, most often the … Some patients also complain parts of their body, such as their feet or … In relation to knee nerve pain for example the L2 nerve root provides sensation to the groin and inside thigh above the knee. Of these patients: This can result in impingement of the spinal nerve roots causing irritation. symptoms Nerve Root Compression Nerve root impingement is a diagnostic conclusion often found on the MRI reports of back, neck and sciatica pain sufferers. 3. muscle spasm - can cause nerve root impingement (least used, other modalities are easier) 4. generalized hypomobility of cervical or lumbar spine - causes decreased spinal ROM 5. facet impingement - posterior facet joint subluxes w facets sliding into intervetebral foramen causing stenosis or capsule becomes impinged What is nerve root effacement there is a prominent annular fissure at L4/L5…. NEED SURGERY FOR MY HERNIATED DISC 36 - Clinical examination of the lumbar spine Larger bulges or lesions can result in bilateral symptoms. It was first described by Wasserman in 1919. This surgery is designed to remove bone over the nerve roots to give the nerve root more space and room to heal. (OBQ12.230) A 38-year-old male presents with a three month history of low back pain and right leg pain that has failed to improve with nonoperative modalities including selective nerve root corticosteroid injections. For this aspect of the procedure, the microscope was utilized for magnification and illumination. How to fix a Rotated pelvis In relation to knee nerve pain for example the L2 nerve root provides sensation to the groin and inside thigh above the knee. Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. In elderly patients who do not respond to treatment for hip and/or knee joint diseases, L3 nerve root radiculopathy should be considered as the cause of lower limb pain. It involves the removal of all or part of the lamina of a lumbar vertebra. Causes and Symptoms of Nerve Encroachment . Meralgia paresthetica (MP) is generally caused by entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN), and presents with pain and paresthesia in the anterolateral thigh. suspected of causing the groin pain, we check for entrapment of the L1, L2, L3, and L4 nerve roots using diagnostic imaging which focus on the spinal canal and the vertebral foramen. Sciatica L4 is a specific radiculopathy diagnosis which describes impingement upon or compression of the lumbar 4 spinal nerve root. The L2, L3 and L4 nerve roots control the quadriceps muscle, which can be evaluated by manually trying to flex the actively extended knee. Moreover, what are the symptoms of l4 nerve root compression? These pain can similarly be associated with tingling and numbness in specific areas, which are supplied or innervated by these nerve roots. Lumbar spine stenosis most commonly affects the middle-aged and elderly population. Nerve Root Compression Herniated discs which compress nerve roots can cause profound neurologic damage, including severe motor and sensory loss. Surrounding tissues that press on nerve roots can cause pain, numbness and tingling in different areas of your body. This will help relieve pain and other symptoms from a pinched nerve in the hip. L3-L4 Pinched Nerve: The L3 nerve root is responsible for the quadriceps femoris muscles, located on the front of the thigh and helps extend, or straighten, the knee. Left foraminal and far lateral disc bulging at L3-4. The pain is often accompanied by numbness. Introduction: In this study, researchers were looking at the accuracy of the physical examination in diagnosing lumbar nerve impingement.An accurate physical examination is essential before ordering imaging; a physician should be able to localize the nerve root impingement before MRI to ensure that the imaging lines up with the clinical examination—and not the other way around. This nerve root feeds the sciatic nerve, and impingement has the potential to affect the lower buttocks, legs and feet. Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. However, when the symptoms continued long after puberty and even multiplied, she insisted they were due to the stress of college. The second lumbar nerve originates from the L2-L3 interspace. The central canal is capacious at this level. Member has signs or symptoms of neural compression (radiculopathy, neurogenic claudication, myelopathy) associated with the levels being treated; and Imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI) indicate central/lateral recess or foraminal stenosis (graded as moderate, moderate to severe or severe; not mild or mild to moderate), or nerve root or spinal cord compression, at the level … The L3 nerve contributes to the femoral nerve. )c) Lumbar spine: Rotation If your lumbar spine is rotated, it can also pull your pelvis into a rotated position as well. It may be iatrogenic after medical or surgical procedures, or result from a neuroma. In left neural foraminal stenosis, for example, the … Pathogenesis. When you have nerve root encroachment, abnormal tissue moves in on the spinal nerve root. Selective nerve root injection was effective for most patients. Most often, that occurs at the spine. Treatment of cervical nerve root compression often includes cervical traction with the neck in partial flexion to decompress the irritated nerve root and reduce painful symptoms. named dorsal root ganglion, and, thus, sensory nerve conduction studies (NCSs) will be normal.4,6 A postganglionic lesion of the nerve root may produce abnormal-ities in the sensory NCSs.4,6 Following the formation of the spinal nerve containing both motor and sen-sory components, the spinal nerve im-mediately branches into the posterior Is it canal narrowing or wearing away of the vertebrae endplates that is causing pain attributed to lumbar spinal stenosis The segmental origin is L2/L3 and it is a purely sensory nerve with no motor fibres . The authors reported that flexion contracture of the hip that results in compensatory hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine, which causes foraminal stenosis, especially at L3-4, is an example of secondary hip-spine syn-drome. and 10 (8.1%) with lumbar disc herniation reported groin pain. Symptoms of nerve or spinal cord compression include pain, aching, stiffness, numbness, tingling sensations, and weakness. Selective nerve root block was effective in all patients. Lateral Recess Stenosis commonly occurs in the lumbar spine region of the lower back at vertebral levels L3/4, L4/5 & L5/S1, and in the neck at vertebral levels C5/6 & C6/7. Although a sensory disturbance was reported in 9 patients, motor weakness was present in 2. Clinical examination, and in particular the test for tendon reflexes, aims to clarify whether there is mechanical impingement of a nerve root (Cannon et al., 2007). Diffuse posterior disc bulge with postero-central disc protrusion at L4-L5 level causing narrowing of bilateral neural foramina with impingement of bilateral traversing and abutment of bilateral exiting nerve roots. I've had 2 surgerys in 2 years.1st fusion of L4/L5. A related, but usually more severe, diagnostic conclusion is nerve root compression, also known … The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar). Nerve root pain symptoms may include: Tingling or numbness. Nerve root entrapment is also part of the pain picture. Minimal disc bulge from L1-L2 to L4-L5 level causing mild thecal sac indentation. L4 nerve root irritation can go past the medial (side) and front of the knee towards the kneecap down to the inside of the shin. This … In a myelogram, unless you do flexion extensions as well, you may not see where the problem is. For example, nerve root compression in the lower back can cause symptoms in the buttocks, legs, and feet. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and conduct a physical examination. Five (or in some cases, six) vertebrae make up the lumbar spine, which provides support for much of the upper body and is rather flexible. Asymmetric right sided facet degeneration is seen at this level. The third lumbar spine vertebra (L3) is … Specific disc protrusion symptoms and treatment. Some common disc protrusion symptoms include: • Radiating or “traveling” pain • Chronic, local neck or back pain • Sciatica (in cases of a lower back, or lumbar, disc protrusion) • Numbness in the legs or arms • Muscle weakness • Stiffness • Tingling or pins-and-needles sensations. Symptoms of radiculopathy vary by location but frequently include pain, weakness, numbness and tingling. Four patients were nonambulatory because of severe pain. The nerve root that would be affected by the c6-c7 disc herniation controls the arms, the shoulders, the heart, the lungs, and more. Ruptures most often occur just lateral to the posterior midline of the disc giving rise to unilateral symptoms. L4 is one of the nerve roots which eventually join together to form the sciatic nerve. A nerve root is the initial segment of a nerve, where it leaves the central nervous system. Example: The L5 nerve root is the traversing nerve root at the L4-L5 level, and is the exiting nerve root at the L5-S1 level. 22 Chang et al. typically occurs in relatively young people. That starts by branching out from the lower back region of the spine from L3-S1. Radiculopathy describes a range of symptoms produced by the pinching of a nerve root in the spinal column. Thoracic region symptoms. Mild foraminal narrowing at L3-L4 level without nerve root impingement. The symptoms of L4 and L5 nerve damage are leg pain that shoots down the leg to the foot, says Spine-health. 3 Weakness while … In fact, the nerve cell is the longest cell in the body with some reaching up to three feet in length. C5 - The main result of a pinched C5 nerve root is shoulder pain, weakness in the deltoid muscles, along with the possibility of a numb sensation in the shoulder area. Babinski's test. This pain can range from mild to severe and may be constant or intermittent. Increased sensitivity. Symptoms of radiculopathy vary by location but frequently include pain, weakness, numbness and tingling. The S2 nerve roots course to the piriformis in about 75% of the patient’s, and S3 nerve root course through the piriformis in 97% of the population [5]. performing straight leg raise in uninvolved leg produces symptoms in involved leg. Symptoms from this condition usually only occur as a result of this narrowing. Herniated Disc L3-L4. Damage or interference with the conduction (transfer of information) of these nerves can cause neurological problems such as DDD between L3 and L4 can cause pressure on the L3 spinal nerve root, which supplies sensation to the skin on the inside of your knees and front of your thigh, and powers the muscles that flex your hip and straighten your knee. When you have nerve root encroachment, abnormal tissue moves in on the spinal nerve root. Modifier 50 Bilateral Procedure is appended to both codes as the injection was on both sides. As stated, Nerve Root Compression is a condition in which the nerve roots get compressed usually due to a disc herniation causing pain and paresthesias in the muscles innervated by the nerve roots. Sciatica is the term often used by laypeople. Correlate clinically for left L3 radiculopathy. The flexed position of the lower cervical vertebrae increases the space of the intervertebral foramen, allowing the nerves to exit with less chance of impingement. So sciatic pain will potentially refer to any of those areas innervated from L3 to S3 levels (these levels innervate the back of the leg) and femoral nerve impingement will cause pain L2-L4 levels (these dermatomes innervate the front of the thigh) which provide both feeling and power to the front of the thigh. Common symptoms and signs include: Sharp pain, typically felt as a shooting and/or burning feeling that originates in the lower back and travels down the leg in the distribution of a specific nerve, sometimes affecting the foot.Numbness in different parts of the thigh, leg, foot, and/or toes. Radiculopathy in roots L1-L3 refers pain to the anterior aspect of the thigh and typically does not radiate below the knee, but these levels … For example, it could be pressed on by a disc or by changes in the bones or ligaments related to arthritis.However, just because a scan may show the nerve being pressed on doesn't mean it … The main muscle complex innervated by the L3 nerve is quadriceps femorus group. Code 64493 is for injection of the lumbar, single level L3-L4; and 64494 is the add-on code for the additional level L4-L5. This can make the already narrow foraminal canals even more likely to develop pinched or compressed nerve roots if the space narrows severely. C6-C7 Disc herniation. A pinched nerve is a compressed nerve. If symptoms do occur, they typically happen on the side of the body where the nerve root becomes pinched. This can result in impingement of the spinal nerve roots causing irritation. Numbness in the thigh and/or inner part of the leg. The Injurymap app demonstrates a range of hip exercises to gently stretch and strengthen your muscles. Nerves exiting the area of the lumbar spine provide sensation and motor control to the back, buttocks, legs and down to the foot. According to the Laser Spine Institute, this is one of the most common of all pinched nerves. Within each vertebra is a hole in the center (called a foramen), and within each foramen is a type of nervous tissue called a spinal nerve root. L3 provides sensation to the anterior thigh. First, because the magnetic resonance protocol described a right-sided, upward intraforaminal disc herniation at the L3–L4 level with compression on the L3 nerve root, a direct injection in this disc herniation could be supposed. Symptoms generated from nerve compression in the lumbar spine basically include L2-L3-There is a right far lateral disc extrusion with some extension into the inferior foramen bilaterally. According to Bob See, formal principal recruiter at Google Engineering, if you fancy working at Google Follow Us: Impingement of a nerve between the L5 and S1 vertebrae indicates the structure is placing pressure on the nerve root. The goal of lumbar laminectomy is to provide decompression of the affected nerve root to relieve the individual's symptoms. Literature suggests that this test is not used as commonly as the Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test because of less frequent upper lu… Vertebrae are bones in your spine that are stacked one upon the other. L3 Nerve Injury. This damage is caused by compression of the nerve roots which exit the spine, levels L1- S4. Patient feedback during sedation surgery has taught us that superficial pressure or irritation of the nerve causes back pain whilst deeper pressure causes pain perceived to travel further into the limb. The Femoral Nerve Tension Test, also known as the Femoral Nerve StretchTest (FNST) is a test used to screen for sensitivity to stretch soft tissue at the dorsal aspect of the leg, possibly related to nerve root impingements. To diagnose Nerve Root Compression comprehensive tests like detailed neuroimaging, EMG and NCV testing is done. A probe could then be admitted through the neural foramen. Ruptures most often occur just lateral to the posterior midline of the disc giving rise to unilateral symptoms. The symptoms experienced as a result of nerve root entrapment will be located along the same path that the nerve travels. slightly...View answer Other typical wordings used to describe similar or identical conditions include: nerve root encroachment, mass effect on the nerve root and touching the nerve root. Weakness of muscles. Previous article. Midlumbar nerve root impingement, or nerve root impingement at the L2, L3, or L4 levels, is a cause of lumbosacral radicular syndrome found with increasing frequency in older adults 1, 2.Although early studies estimated the prevalence of midlumbar nerve root impingement at 5–11%, 2, 3 results from recent studies of lumbar disk herniation suggest … 2. mild disc bulging at L4-5 3. Vertebrae are bones in your spine that are stacked one upon the other. In the lower spine this pain radiates to the buttock, groin, thigh, lower leg and foot. If a spine condition occurs in the L3 vertebra, the symptoms will likely include chronic lower back pain and radiating pain in the buttock and leg of the impacted side. Additionally, the leg and foot might feel weak and numb due to the impacted nerve root being unable to send strong signals to the extremities. In today's video I break down the evaluation for an L4 nerve root compression. Treatment is a trial of nonoperative management with NSAIDs and physical therapy. Larger bulges or lesions can result in bilateral symptoms. The sciatic nerve is composed of individual spinal nerve roots. Nerve root compression results in distinctive signs and symptoms that can be traced to the intervertebral level of the compressed nerve root. You do not need to … They may be innervated with L3 as single origin, or be innervated partly by … Stabilization and fusion of the lumbar spine may be performed by using various anterior and posterior surgical techniques and a wide range of devices, including screws, spinal wires, artificial ligaments, vertebral cages, and artificial disks. In many cases, the cause is a herniated disk slipping out between vertebrae in the spinal cord and pressing on the spinal nerve that goes down the leg. The L3 nerve root travels from the low back over the outside of the hip and down the front and inside of the thigh and leg. Any nerve cell is simply a long tube that connects the brain to the end point structure (the foot, thigh, buttocks, hand, shoulder, etc.). Second, the leakage of inflammatory mediators through an annulus fibrosus tear can cause severe epidural fibrosis. A herniated disc L3-L4 is less common than in the lower lumbar levels, but is still a typical event, often existing in combination with other herniated intervertebral levels at L4/L5 and/or L5/S1. Clinical syndromes reflect compression of the superiorly exiting nerve root and ganglion; ie an L4–L5 far lateral disc produces a L4 root syndrome. Click to see full answer. Pinching of the femoral nerve will cause Selective nerve root injection was completely effective in 10 patients. This test measures electrical nerve impulses and functioning in your muscles and nerves through electrodes placed on your skin. The third lumbar spinal nerve (L3) originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 3 (L3). Diffuse posterior disc bulge at L2-L3 level causing narrowing of bilateral neural foramina with abutment of left exiting nerve root. I am 30 year old female. Conclusions: Intraforaminal and extraforaminal nerve root compression is a rare but distinct pathological condition Causes and Symptoms of Nerve Encroachment . A pinched nerve can lead to radiculopathy — or pain, numbness, and … Causes include: 1. Femoral nerve entrapment is the pinching of the femoral nerve at some point along its course. Symptoms of lateral recess stenosis include pain, a tingling sensation, and muscle weakness both in the area of the impingement and in the area of the body affected by the nerve. Potential right L5 nerve root impingement within the neural foramen secondary to facet degeneration and foraminal bulging disc. Eleven nerve roots were analyzed at L3, 28 at L4, 34 at L5, and 11 at S1. Because spinal procedures are increasingly common, such devices are seen more and more often in everyday radiologic … Sixteen patients reported pain relief immediately after surgery. e. Get recognized as you earn more points. The pain occurs when the spinal cord or spinal nerve is irritated by the pressure or a chemical reaction from the displaced herniated material. This can manifest as pain, numbness, or weakness of the buttock and leg. When the sciatic nerve gets pinched or irritated at any point in its course. Pain is largely referred down the leg. Symptoms of lateral recess stenosis include pain, a tingling sensation, and muscle weakness both in the area of the impingement and in the area of the body affected by the nerve. Solve your problem quick & easy with online consultation. L4 nerve root irritation can go past the medial (side) and front of the knee towards the kneecap down to the inside of the shin. More so on the right with possible impingement upon the exiting L2 nerve root. The L2, L3 and L4 nerve roots control the quadriceps muscle, which can be evaluated by manually trying to flex the actively extended knee. The patients' symptoms were thigh pain in 12 patients, and hip or knee pain in 5. These studies show that not only can disc herniation or bulge cause pain without nerve root compression, but there can be internal disc disruption of the annulus with apparent MR/CT changes that can cause pain. The primary symptom includes back pain. Radiculopathy describes pain and other uncomfortable symptoms that radiate into the limbs, affecting either the arms or the legs. BACKGROUND In degenerative lumbar spinal disease with nerve root compression, the L5 and S1 nerve roots are the most often affected and the L3 nerve root is involved infrequently. Accumulation of fluid like swelling in the region, bleeding due to injury or other causes too can cause pressure on the nerve roots. Lumbar radiculopathy is a common reason for physician consultations and imaging referrals. A herniated disc does not cause pain on its own. MRI of the pelvis in our patient demonstrated circumferential entrapment of both the left S1 and S2 nerve roots at … From the case: Foraminal disc with nerve root impingement. (Note: This will be extensively covered in this post. C4-5 is C5 nerve root and C5-6 is C6 nerve root and so on. When the L3 spinal nerve is involved, the following symptoms may occur: Sharp pain, typically felt as a shooting and/or burning feeling that may occur in the thigh and/or inner part of the leg. The symptoms may include: Pain in the neck, shoulder blade, shoulder, upper chest, or arm, with pain possibly radiating into the fingers following the path of the involved nerve root. Disc protrusions are rare occurrences in the mid-back (thoracic region). agreed, concluding that neurologic symptoms caused by the L6 nerve root compression resemble those of the L5 rather than the S1 nerve root compression in the normal configuration. Nonsurgical Treatments for L3-L4. Though these nerve roots are not part of the sciatic nerve, the pain is still referred to as sciatica. During surgery, 12 patients were found to have a protruded disc or herniation that compressed the nerve root. In a situation where one hip is externally rotated and the other internally rotated, the tendency is for the pelvis to rotate: away from the externally rotated hip (ER) and; towards the internally rotated hip (IR). Interned at Google. In research performed by Pradeep Suri and others, they experienced that the femoral nerve stretch test is one of the most reliable tests to screen for midlumbar (L2, L3 or L4 levels) nerve root impingement (results between 88 and 100%). Pain and numbness typically will radiate to the buttocks, possibly the back of the thigh, the front of the lower thigh and sometimes slightly below the front of the knee. This paper describes a patient who had MP-like symptoms as a result of continuous epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Is L3 nerve root impingement symptoms your major concern? In elderly patients who do not respond to treatment for hip and/or knee joint diseases, L3 nerve root radiculopathy should be considered as the cause of lower limb pain. This pain does not actually originate in the afflicted limb though — instead, it is referred to that area by nerves branching out from a pinched (or impinged) spinal nerve root. A nerve root impingement is what occurs when the root of a nerve i.e. Pain. The nerve root is a compilation of sensory and motor nerve cells. This pain does not actually originate in the afflicted limb though — instead, it is referred to that area by nerves branching out from a pinched (or impinged) spinal nerve root. Impingement or encroachment of the spinal cord by bone is called myelomalacia; impingement of the spinal nerve roots is called radiculopathy. A lumbar laminectomy (also known as open decompression) is typically performed to alleviate pain caused by neural impingement that can result from lumbar spinal stenosis. ... (L2–L3). In some instances, surgery may be recommended to reduce nerve entrapment or address other underlying conditions contributing to your symptoms. This causes pain in the leg rather than in the lumbar spine, which is … Composite symptom referral pattern maps were created for levels L3, L4, L5, and S1. INTRODUCTION. L3 provides sensation to the anterior thigh. Ligamentous pain. Sciatica Is Disc Herniation Which Causes Compression of the Nerve Root Level. Within each vertebra is a hole in the center (called a foramen), and within each foramen is a type of nervous tissue called a spinal nerve root. L3 radiculopathy was characterized by various lower limb pain and neurologic deficit. L5 nerve compression causes pain along the outer border of the back of your thigh, while S1 nerve compression causes pain in your calf and the bottom of your foot 3. In severe cases, the annulus fibrosis can rupture allowing nuclear material into the vertebral canal. Lumbar radiculopathy is typically caused by a compression of the spinal nerve root. If L5 nerve root has confirmed compression at L4–5 level and questionable compression at L5–S1 foramina, performing both surgeries at L4–5 and L5–S1 levels may induce unnecessary extra surgery on L5–S1; however, ignoring foraminal stenosis of L5/S1 may require re … Nerve Root Irritation Caused due to Spinal Disc Problems: Disc herniation or protrusion and disc degeneration in the cervical, lumbar or thoracic regions can cause impingement of nerves and nerve root irritation. If groin pain is noted in patients with lumbar degenerative disease at the L4–5 level, L4 nerve root entrapment in the vertebral foramen or anomalous conjoined Diagnosis is made with MRI studies of the lumbar spine. In severe cases, the annulus fibrosis can rupture allowing nuclear material into the vertebral canal. There is a slight disiccation and moderate annular bulging at L4/L5 with impingement of the anterior thecal sac and L5 transiting nerve root…. L3 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L3. The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar). Nerve root pain is often described as burning or sharp, stemming from the back and traveling to other parts of the body connected to the damaged nerve. Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a disorder that causes pain in the lower back and hip which radiates down the back of the thigh into the leg. Symptoms of cervical radiculopathy vary depending on the nerve root involved, and commonly occur on the same side of the body as the affected nerve. Get your query answered 24*7 with Expert Advice and Tips from doctors for L3 nerve root impingement symptoms | Practo Consult You may also experience pain, weakness, numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in front of your thigh. In today's video I break down the evaluation for an L3 nerve root compression. Tumors, infections, and/or other causes of severe nerve root compression with significant neurological deficits may be treated surgically. Small (<1 cm) left far foraminal disc at L3/L4, which is impinging on the exiting L3 nerve just after it enters the exit foramen (best observed on the T1 sequences). Pain affecting the nerve roots of L2, L3 can also weaken the hip joint. The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the spine (cervical, thoracic or lumbar). When a C6-C7 herniated disc occurs and the c6-c7 nerve root is irritated, the symptoms usually include neck pain and pain in the arms, weakness in the hands and weakness in the arms,… Treatment of the L3-L4 motion segment usually involves one or more of the following methods: It will give rise to symptoms of sciatica. On strength testing, he has graded 5/5 strength to knee extension, … Impingement of the spinal cord or nerve roots linked to these susceptible vertebrae can cause pain in the shoulders, weakness in the biceps and triceps and produce feelings of numbness and tingling that radiate down the arms, hands and fingers. It controls the upper portions of your low back, thighbone, and the muscles at the thigh’s front. Pain is a common symptom associated with L5-S1 pinched nerves 3.This may feel like a dull ache or a sharp pain. ... • L3 and L4 nerve root compression. An injury to the spinal cord is caused by severe trauma in the back or head 2. The compression can result in These tests may include: Nerve conduction study.
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